
The Pazyryk Rug is the oldest rug ever to be discovered. In 1949, the Russian Professor Sergei Rudenko found this rug while excavating burial mounds belonging to the Scythian people in Sothern Siberia. The architect found five frozen grave sites, with the contents preserved in solid ice, resulting in them being in almost perfect condition when they were extracted. It is believed that the tomb had been robbed shortly after being closed, resulting in its seal being broken, allowing moisture to leak in and freeze. This raid can be directly attributed to this rug being protected from decay. This lucky discovery completely changed the way the history of rug making was perceived. Until then, the oldest rugs that had been discovered were made of lesser quality weaving and material, where as this rug was made using advanced techniques and materials. As the oldest surviving example of a complete rug so far, this rug created the perceptions of just what weavers were capable of all the way back to 400 B.C.
This rug was made by a group of people called the Scythians, who from the 9th Century BC expanded across Eastern Europe from Asia, and to the Mediterranean and Egypt. They were an ethnically diverse group of people who spoke an Iranian based language and had traces of the Mongol race. They were known for their skills with domesticating horses and becoming great horsemen and archers. These tribal people were known for their fearlessness, and their advantage in war caused by this and their excellent horsemanship. Their horses were known for being decorated with rugs instead of saddles. The large grave sites where the Pazyryk rug was found was said to be where their great warriors and tribal chiefs were buried. These Scythian heroes were buried with decorated horses, weapons, gold artifacts, food and other textiles. The quality and condition of this rug has resulted in the assumption that the rug was created purely for burial purposes. The rug would have never actually been used in everyday life.
For a long time, it was thought that early rugs and carpets were fairly primitive in both construction and design. To find a rug that was over 2500 years old that was so sophisticated changed this view entirely. This rug was constructed using the traditional Turkish knotting system, which until then had been linked to beginning only 2000 years ago, 500 later than this rug was created. This sophistication informs us that a higher level of design and construction was not only already existent, but had to have already been passed on by numerous generations to reach that level of detail and execution. This is similar to the sophistication of the dye technology used for the yarn. This fabric was dyed using colors from local insects and plants to create a refined pallet. Until discovering this rug, it was not believed that this level of dye technology was possible for ancient people.
The rug is 5’11” x 6’6” in size, making it almost square, and has a soft wool feeling. It is finely knotted, with approximately 200 to 270 symmetrical knots per square inch. The rug has a deep red color in its center, and has five borders. Overall, the rug has four colors: red, yellow, green and blue. The center field has a pattern that has been interpreted as repeating quatrefoils, which is a design that is common in the stonework of Assyrian Palaces. This pattern has been also related to symbolism that represents the sun. The primary, and widest, border contains horsemen, which are suggested to represent power, nobility and valor. Each horse has a saddlecloth that resembles the actual Pazaryk rug. The secondary inner border features a series of grazing elk, which is thought to represent longevity and wisdom. The final outside border is made up of winged griffins. These animals are part eagle and part lion, and are known to be guardians, unclear as to if it is mean for in life or after life.